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Modal
Auxiliaries
Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals,
such as can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and
would, do not change form for different subjects. For instance, try
substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with any of the
subjects listed below.
|
I
you (singular) he we you (plural) they |
can write
well.
|
There is also a separate section on the Modal Auxiliaries,
which divides these verbs into their various meanings of necessity, advice,
ability, expectation, permission, possibility, etc., and provides sample
sentences in various tenses. See the section on Conditional Verb Forms
for help with the modal auxiliary would. The shades of meaning among
modal auxiliaries are multifarious and complex. Most
English-as-a-Second-Language textbooks will contain at least one chapter on
their usage. For more advanced students, A University Grammar of English,
by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, contains an excellent, extensive
analysis of modal auxiliaries.
A modal auxiliary verb gives much information about the
function of the main verb that it governs. Modals have a
wide variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be
related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity
("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality:
- epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being true or not true (including likelihood and certainty)
- deontic modality, concerned with possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act (including permission and duty)
- dynamic modality, which may be distinguished from deontic modality, in that with dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are internal – the subject's own ability or willingness to act
The following sentences illustrate epistemic and deontic
uses of the English modal verb must:
- epistemic: You must be starving. ("It is necessarily the case that you are starving.")
- deontic: You must leave now. ("You are required to leave now.")
An ambiguous case is You must speak Spanish. This may
be intended epistemically ("It is surely the case that you speak
Spanish", e.g. after having lived in Spain for a long time), or
deontically ("It is a requirement that you speak Spanish", e.g. if
you want to get a job in Spain).
Epistemic modals can be analyzed as raising
verbs, while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs.
Epistemic usages of modals tend to develop from deontic
usages. For example, the inferred certainty sense of English must
developed after the strong obligation sense; the probabilistic sense of should
developed after the weak obligation sense; and the possibility senses of may
and can developed later than the permission or ability sense. Two typical
sequences of evolution of modal meanings are:
- internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability) → permission and epistemic possibility
- obligation → probability
